if you free spin a ring and pinion you can feel if it has any broken things inside, or if the backlash is excessive, or if the bearings are already bad.
but that's no guarantee that a bearing doesn't fail in 10K miles.
the #1 reason a diff goes bad is because it had a leak and ran out of fluid.
If you're going to the hassle of swapping a diff, put new seals in it. it's easy and cheap when it's out of the car.
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